Potential of plasma technology to control pathogens both in field and postharvest of fruits and vegetables

Disease stresses caused by pathogenic microorganisms are increasing, probably because of global warming. Conventional technologies for plant disease control have often revealed their limitations in efficiency, environmental safety, and economic costs. There is high demand for improvements in efficiency and safety. Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma has demonstrated its potential as an alternative tool for efficient and environmentally safe control of plant pathogenic microorganisms in many studies, which are overviewed in this review. Efficient inactivation of phytopathogenic bacterial and fungal cells by various plasma sources under laboratory conditions has been frequently reported. In addition, plasma-treated water shows antimicrobial activity. Plasma and plasma-treated water exhibit a broad spectrum of efficiency in the decontamination and disinfection of plants, fruits, and seeds, indicating that the outcomes of plasma treatment can be significantly influenced by the microenvironments between plasma and plant tissues, such as the surface structures and properties, antioxidant systems, and surface chemistry of plants. More intense studies are required on the efficiency of decontamination and disinfection and underlying mechanisms. Recently, the induction of plant tolerance or resistance to pathogens by plasma (so-called "plasma vaccination") is emerging as a new area of study, with active research ongoing in this field. The authors review the following aspects: ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE NONTHERMAL PLASMA TECHNOLOGY PINACTIVATION OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN CULTURE SUSPENSION BY PLASMABacterial PathogensFungal PathogensViral Pathogens PLASMA APPLICATION IN DISEASE CONTROLSeed-Borne DiseasesFoliage and Root DiseasesPost-Harvest Diseases POSSIBLE MECHANISM(S) OF PLASMAACTION IN DISEASE CONTROLDirect Effect of RONS on PathogensRole of RNS and ROS in Plant Immunity PLASMA TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY PROS AND CONS OF PLASMA TECHNOLOGY IN PLANT DISEASE CONTROL FUTURE PERSPECTIVE: PLASMA?VACCINATION. ? SourcesPlant Disease Control by Non- Thermal Atmospheric-Pressure PlasmaBhawana Negi Adhikari, Mayura Veerana,?Kamonporn Panngom &?Sarmistha Mitragyungp@kw.ac.kr Frontiers in Plant Science, February 2020https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bhawana_Adhikari/publication/339272614_Plant_Disease_Control_by_Non-_Thermal_Atmospheric-Pressure_Plasma/links/5e46c80e458515072d9dac95/Plant-Disease-Control-by-Non-Thermal-Atmospheric-Pressure-Plasma.pdfThe picture is Fig. 1 of the paper ?