Review about Electronic Nose as a tool for early detection of diseases and quality monitoring in fresh postharvest produce

Based on the United Nation?s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) initiative, there is growing attention to food loss and food waste, globally. One of the SDG targets calls for halving per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels by reducing food loss along its production and supply chains including postharvest losses by the year 2030. The reduction of food loss and waste appears as a clear and desirable objective for actual implementation (Kumar et al., 2021). However, it is not simple and complete elimination may not be realistic. The postharvest losses linked to pathogen infections, limited shelf-life, the need for fresh produce to meet quality standards, and variability in demand have caused a significant impact on the production supply worldwide (Ungureanu-Comanita et al., 2020). It has been estimated that up to 50% of the crops produced?end up in landfills as consequent losses in its supply chain,mostly due to pathogen attacks, mechanical injuries, and?loss of market attractiveness (Elik et al., 2019).The substantial application of EN, electronic nose, in detecting changes?in aroma through volatile metabolites has risen over the?past few years, especially in characterizing and determining the key responsible volatile compounds from acertain chemical reaction (Iqbal et al., 2017). Aroma is particularly one of the most significant parameters among?other sensory analyses of fruit and vegetables. It can be?used as an alleged fingerprint of volatile metabolites pertaining to the safety and quality characteristics of freshproduces (Sanaeifar et al., 2016). For instance, volatile fingerprint information can act as a biomarker or indicator?in the quality monitoring process of fruit and vegetables?(Cellini et al., 2021). Volatile compounds from biochemical processes (primary and secondary metabolites) of fruit?and vegetables can lead to fingerprint variations including compounds originating from the fresh produces itself?or even unwanted smell (off-flavors) from food spoilage?microorganisms (Baietto & Wilson, 2015). Hence, intervention methods for the wavering postharvest diseases?and the quality of fresh produces can be addressed at an?early stage. The effort in acquiring information on early?detection of postharvest diseases using EN can benefit inminimizing the postharvest food losses and subsequently?reducing the economic losses. The expansion of the EN?application has also been applied in health care (Wilson, 2018), pharmaceutical (Kiani et al., 2016), forestry?(Li et al., 2017), environmental protection (Jasinski et al.,?2018), dairy industry (Yakubu et al., 2021), and food industry settings (Sankaran et al., 2011). These applications in?different sectors were established in meeting consumer?safety assurance and expectations toward the quality of the?final products. Contents1 INTRODUCTION (the previous)1.1 Review objectives2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF EN2.1 Sensory array materials2.2 Odor sampling2.3 Disease detection and quality?characterization2.4 Data acquisition and pattern?recognition3 EN FOR EARLY DETECTION OF POSTHARVEST DISEASES4 EN FOR POSTHARVEST QUALITY?MONITORING4.1 Freshness quality4.2 Ripening quality4.3 Sensory quality4.4 Other quality parameters5 FUTURE TREND, LIMITATIONS,?AND CONCLUSION ?AbstractPostharvest diseases and quality degradation are the major factors causing food losses in the fresh produce supply chain. Hence, detecting diseases and quality deterioration at the asymptomatic stage of produce enables growers to treat the diseases earlier, maintain quality and reduce postharvest food losses. With the emergence of numerous technologies to detect diseases early and?monitor the quality of fresh produce, such as polymerase chain reaction, gas?chromatography-mass spectrophotometry, and near-infrared spectroscopy, electronic nose (EN) has also gained acknowledgement and popularity in the past?decade as a robust and non-invasive analysis tool to detect odor profile and?establish volatile biomarkers for metabolomics databases. However, literature?reviewing the EN research on the early detection of diseases in produce after?harvest is scarce. The fundamental concept of EN working principles (odor sampling, gas detection, and data acquisition method), as well as the application of?EN as a whole, are covered in the first section of the review. An in-depth discussion of the application of EN analysis in the early identification of postharvest?diseases and quality monitoring is provided in the subsequent sections, which?is the key objective of this comprehensive review. The prospect, limitations, and?likely future developments of EN in the postharvest sector are further highlighted?in the last section.?Picture is Fig. 1 of the original paper - Schematic diagram of the working principle of the?electronic nose in characterizing the volatile organic compounds?released by fruit for early detection and quality monitoring analysis SourceElectronic nose as a tool for early detection of diseases and?quality monitoring in fresh postharvest produce: Acomprehensive reviewAsgar Ali, Aiman S. Mansol, Ayesha Ashraf Khan, Kasturi Muthoosamy & Yasmeen SiddiquiComprehensive Reviews WileyAccepted: 16 March 2023DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13151https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1541-4337.13151