Review about the modes of action of biological, chemical and physical agents against Penicillium expansum

The infection of fruit by the fungus Penicillin expansum, especially apples and derived products, is a serious global problem. Contaminated fruit and products not only threaten human health, but also reduce commercial profits. Given the potential hazards of synthetic fungicides, regulatory agencies have issued restrictions and even prohibitions on their commercial use. Therefore, the development of more environmentally friendly and safe postharvest P. expansum infection control is receiving increasing attention from researchers worldwide. This review summarizes and discusses studies on P. expansum from the past decade, including its contamination of fruit and postharvest control methods, and the contamination and synthesis of patulin, one of the main toxins produced by P. expansum. The combination of biological fungal control with physical or chemical control methods is highlighted. In practical applications, the simultaneous use of two or three of these methods, especially biological methods, achieves more stable and synergistic antifungal effects, and further research on the optimal commercial procedures for using these treatments would be potentially beneficial. SourcesPostharvest control of Penicillium expansum in fruits: A reviewLeilei Yu, Nanzhen Qiao, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, Fengwei Tian, Qixiao Zhai & Wei ChenFood Bioscience Volume 36, August 2020, 100633https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100633https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212429219310314Picture by?State of the Art and Challenges of Post-harvest Disease Management in Apples