The best sucrose and sodium hypochlorite combination as pulsing solution for chrysanthemum cut flower

Chrysanthemum flower (Chrysanthemum ? morifolium?Ramat.) a member of ?Asteraceae? family also called??Compositae?, consists of over 32,000 known species of?flowering plant in over 19,000 genera within the order?Asterales, Mandel et al. (2019), however, it is one of?the most popular cut flowers in India and across the?world, (Datta and Jankiram 2015). Chrysanthemum?morifolium is a valid name for the different varieties we?grow today (Bailey, 1949). The ?Asteraceae? is highly?diverse, self in compatibility is a rule of this family that?enforces outcrossing (Drewlow et al., 1973; Anderson,?2007).? Phylogenetically, it is one of the most advanced?dicotyledonous family (Hemsley, 1889; Popham and?Chan 1950). The genus chrysanthemum has basically a?large range of ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 25x,?besides a number of aneuploid levels, Bremer (1993).In India Chrysanthemum morifolium were found to?have a large complex of polyaneuploid levels ranging?from 2n = 32-72 (Nazeer and Khoshoo 1983). The wild?species of Chrysanthemum represent precious resource?for breeding however, Linnaeus was first person in?Europe, for discovering two herbarium specimen?namely C. indicum. In 1999 the international Botanical?Congress sanctioned the proposal to conserve the name Chrysanthemum L. for cultivated Chrysanthemum,?Bailey (1963). The combination Chrysanthemum and?the specific epithet morifoliuum for cultivated types?were firstly proposed by De Ramatuelle in 1972,?Francisco et al. (1997). Chrysanthemum is commonly?known as ?Guldaudi? or ?Autumn Queen?.Chrysanthemum is ranked as the second most economic?important cut flower in the world after rose (Kafi and?Ghahsareh 2009) because of its tremendously diverse in?morphologies including flower shapes, sizes, colors and?plant architecture (Mekapogu et al., 2022).The genus Chrysanthemum contains about 41 species?that are well distributed in East Asia and South East?Asia (Hao et al., 2022). 'Guldaudi' or 'Autumn Queen'?are two frequent names for chrysanthemum. Since, this?crop is sensitive to photoperiod i.e., short day crop?which induces flower bud initiation. India's most?widely used ornamental flower crops, the?Chrysanthemum, unquestionably holds a notable place?in Indian flower industry. In the global floricultural?trade, it acquires the position among the top ten?flowers. As per the report (Bisht et al., 2010).Chrysanthemum are short-day plant, thus it initiate?flowering when the day length duration are shorter than?their critical photoperiod phase (14.5 hrs)?(Chomchalow et al., 2004).In the past decade after liberalization floricultural?industries majorly took very giant steps in the?floriculture export arena. This era has been a dynamic?shift globally from sustenance production of flower?crops to the area for floriculture production in India?falls under 322 thousand hectares with annual?production of 2152 thousand tonnes of loose flowers?and 828 thousand tonnes of cut flower (NHB, 2020-2021). In several states of India floriculture or flower?cultivation is highest in Kerala (16.5%) with respect to?area the other flower producing states which have gone?ahead are Tamil Nadu (13.3 %), Karnataka (11.4 %),?Madhya Pradesh (11.1 %) and Uttar Pradesh (7 %) with?states like Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Mizoram,?Gujarat, Orissa, Jharkhand, Haryana, Assam and?Chhattisgarh. PulsingThe term ?Pulsing? means placing freshly harvested?flowers for a relatively short time for few second to?hours in a solution especially formulated to extend their?vase life (Sao and Rao 2020). The blockage of Xylem?vessel by air and microorganism that might cause?xylem occlusion is one of the major problems of cut?flowers shelf life (da Silva et al., 2013). In more simple?words ?Pulsing? is supplying a solution through??transpiration stream? mechanism da Silva et al. (2003)?this process is also called as ?Hydration? (Schulker et?al., 2021). Pulsing involves concentration, ambient?temperature, Extension of vase life and improvement of?flower quality are highly desirable characters. It has?been reported that pulsing treatments prevent vascular?infection and inhibit ethylene.Cut flowers are short lived and are prone to rapid?deterioration. Shortening vase life of cut flowers could?be attributed to destruction of transport vessels of the?stem after cutting; hence the inability of stem to absorb?water due to blockage may be leading to excessive?water loss and short supply of carbohydrates to support?respiration. A floral preservative is usually a complex?mixture of sucrose, acidifier, an inhibitor of?microorganisms and also an anti-ethylene action(Tehrainfar et al., 2013; Darandeh and Hadavi 2012).Sugars are the main source of food for flowers. They?are required for carrying out all biochemical and?physiological processes after detachment from the?mother plant. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is considered as a?microbial pesticide (Belle et al., 2004). The reduced?endogenous carbohydrates used during the post-harvest?life of cut flowers are replaced by exogenous sugar.?Sucrose is a major structural component employed in?cell growth and enlargement, the primary sugar form?that transports sugar to flower buds, and it is a soluble?component of petal tissues, making it an essential?osmotic regulator of water potential. Sugars (sucrose)?are essential for maintaining the quality of cut flowers.The most popular floral preserver, sucrose, keeps the?pool of dry matter and respirable substrates in flower?petals. Sugars play an important role in keeping the quality of?cut flowers because the amount of sugar contained in?the cut flower is limited. Exogenous sucrose replaces?the depleted endogenous carbohydrates utilized during the post-harvest life of cut flowers. Sucrose is a major?structural component employed in cell growth and?enlargement, the primary sugar form that transports?sugar to flower buds, and it is a soluble component of?petal tissues, making it an essential osmotic regulator of water potential (Weerts, 2002). Research is required to?find out the impact of pulsing solutions on increasing?the vase life of different cut chrysanthemum flowers as?one of the most popular cut flowers. Therefore, the?objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of?pulsing solutions on improving the keeping quality,?enhancing water uptake and extending the vase life?period of cut chrysanthemum flowers. AbstractChrysanthemum is an important commercial cut flower that is emerging in the floriculture industry. Pulsing is a primary concern in the commercialization of flower as after harvest flowers tends to lose their freshness. Among the different pulsing solution used to improve the vase life of chrysanthemum, Sucrose and Sodium hypochlorite has emerged as potent holding solution that can delay the senescence and improve the post-harvest life of Chrysanthemum. In this experiment, we studied the potential of Sucrose and Sodium hypochlorite in improving the vase life of Chrysanthemum cv. ?White Star?. Chrysanthemum spike were harvested at the flower bud stage and the temperature was approximately 18?C, the uniform flowers were cut and immediately stood upright in buckets partially filled with de-ionized water. The latter stage proved that sucrose and NaOCl prolonged the vase life of the Chrysanthemum flower. The overall best treatment for different parameters for improving the vase life of chrysanthemum during the season 2021-2022 were recorded under the treatment T8 (Sucrose 20 % + NaOCl 50 ppm) 2 hours followed by the treatment T6 (Sucrose 10 % + NaOCl 50 ppm) 2 hours and T4 (Sucrose 5 % + NaOCl 50 ppm) 2 hours while pulsing with T0 Control (de-ionized water) adversely affected the different post-harvest parameters of Chrysanthemum. SourcesEvaluation of Sucrose and Sodium Hypochlorite as Pulsing Solution in?Improving the Post-harvest Quality in Chrysanthemum cv. White StarSatvaan Singh,?Sunil Malik,?Mukesh Kumar,?Satendra Kumar, Shishu Pal Singh & Bhim SinghBiological Forum ? An International Journal 15(9): 34-44(2023)https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Satvaan-Singh/publication/374386663_Evaluation_of_Sucrose_and_Sodium_Hypochlorite_as_Pulsing_Solution_in_Improving_the_Post-harvest_Quality_in_Chrysanthemum_cv_White_Star/links/651ba8803ab6cb4ec6b73292/Evaluation-of-Sucrose-and-Sodium-Hypochlorite-as-Pulsing-Solution-in-Improving-the-Post-harvest-Quality-in-Chrysanthemum-cv-White-Star.pdfPicture, Fundacion Ilersis,?https://ilersis.org/empresa-jardineria-medio-ambiente/crisantemos-cuidados-cultivo-variedades-poda/